Coastal Management Plan

Coastal Management Plan
TAKUTAI/COAST
Ngāti Mutunga Coastal Management Plan
Preserving our cultural heritage and protecting coastal resources for future generations
INTRODUCTION
The traditions of Ngāti Mutunga illustrate the cultural, historical and spiritual association of Ngāti Mutunga and the coast. For Ngāti Mutunga, these areas represent the links between our tūpuna and present and future generations. This history and relationship reinforce tribal identity, connections between generations and confirms the importance of the coast to Ngāti Mutunga.
This relationship has been acknowledged by the Crown through a Statutory Acknowledgement over the coastal marine area in the Ngāti Mutunga Deed of Settlement. All consent authorities must send the Rūnanga copies of any application for resource consent for an activity within, adjacent to or impacting directly on the coastal marine area.
CULTURAL VALUES
Food can be gathered all along the shoreline from Tītoki to Waiau, depending on the tides, weather and season. The coastline provided our tūpuna with most of the resources they needed to survive.
Reefs and sandy shallows off the coast provided Kōura (crayfish), Pāua, Kina, Kūtai/Kuku (mussels), Pūpū (cat's eyes), Pāpaka (crabs), Pipi, Tuatua and many other species. Hāpuku (groper), Moki, Kanae (mullet), Mako (shark), Pātiki (flounder) and Tāmure (snapper) swam in great numbers between the many reefs which can be found out from the shore. Our tūpuna knew and named our fishing grounds and reefs, including Pakihi, Maruehi, Onepoto, Waitoetoe, Waikiroa, Paparoa, Kukuriki and Owei.
The high papa cliffs are an important feature of the coast. These cliffs are broken where the Mimitangiatua, Urenui, Onaero and Waiau rivers flow through to wai-ki-roa. Ngāti Mutunga used ledges hewn in the cliffs to fish for Mako, Tāmure, Kahawai and Ara Ara (trevally). These cliffs also provided plentiful supplies of Tītī (mutton bird), Karoro (sea gull) and Kororā (penguin).
As Ngāti Mutunga, we continue to exercise our customary rights on the coastline throughout the rohe, most importanly food gathering according to the tikanga and values of Ngāti Mutunga. Throughout the years Ngāti Mutunga has exercised custodianship over the coast and has imposed rahui when appropriate, for example restricting the harvest of Kūtai/kuku, Pipi, Tuatua and other kaimoana. This kaitiaki duty to manage coastal resources sustainably has always been at the heart of the relationship between Ngāti Mutunga and the coast.
There are many sites of cultural, historical and spiritual significance to Ngāti Mutunga along the coast. These include Pihanga (originally the home of Uenuku), Maruwehi (the pā of Kahukura) and Kaweka (the birthplace of Mutunga) which are situated on cliffs near the mouth of the Urenui River. Oropapa and Te Mutu-o-Tauranga are situated on the coast north of the Urenui River. Pukekohe, Arapawanui, Omihi and Hurita are near the Mimitangiatua estuary and Ruataki, Pukekarito and Tītoki are near Wai-iti.
Ngāti Mutunga people were often cremated, rather than buried in urupā. Many of the points jutting out into the sea along the Ngāti Mutunga coastline are tapu because they were sites used for this ritual. Our tūpuna also lie buried along the coast.
Ngāti Mutunga have many stories relating to the coastal environment. The whakatauāki "ka kopa, me kopa, ki te ana o Rangitotohu" (gone, disappeared, as if into the cave of Rangitotohu) remembers the taniwha Rangitotohu, who protects the Taranaki coastline. If a person was to violate rahui or act disrespectfully when fishing or gathering kaimoana they would be snatched by Rangitotohu and drawn into his cave.
Along the beaches there are several tauranga waka. These have special significance for Ngāti Mutunga in their identification with the area as physical symbols of historical association.
GEOGRAPHY
The coast is exposed to the west, with high energy wave and wind conditions, and is dominated by high papa cliffs. These cliffs are broken by the four key rivers in the rohe –Mimitangiatua, Urenui, Onaero and Waiau. These waterways form sandy beaches and estuaries.
The coast has been modified by human and natural activities over time. Large amounts of rock were removed from beaches along our rohe at the beginning of the 20th century and crushed to gravel to be used for roads25. Removal of these rocks may have increased strong erosional processes already at work along the coast.
For the purpose of this plan, Ngāti Mutunga considers that the coastal environment includes;
The coastal marine area as defined in the Resource Management Act 1991. This includes the foreshore, seabed and coastal water, and the air space above the water extending from mean high water springs to the limits of the territorial sea - 12 nautical miles from mean high water springs;
The Exclusive Economic Zone which runs from mean low water springs to 200 nautical miles off shore; and
Landward features that are normally within 1 km of mean high-water springs.
Tidal reaches of the Urenui, Onaero, Mimitangiatua, Waitoetoe rivers and the Waiau Stream (as at spring high tides)
Land use has a strong impact on coastal processes, so neither the coast nor the land should be considered in isolation.
OBJECTIVE
To:
provide for the relationship between Ngāti Mutunga and the coast;
ensure that the coast is managed in an integrated way which recognises the cultural values of Ngāti Mutunga and the impacts of land use on coastal areas; and
ensure that coastal resources are restored and protected.
GENERAL POLICIES
Recognition & Consultation
Encourage recognition of the relationship between Ngāti Mutunga and the coast by consulting with Ngāti Mutunga on all applications for resource consent in the coastal area
Require consultation with Ngāti Mutunga for any activity within, adjacent to or impacting on Statutory Acknowledgment areas
Integrated Management
Encourage integrated management of the coast. This requires understanding and considering the effects of land-based activities on the coastal environment
Promote communication and collaboration between all groups with an interest in the coastal environment
Protection & Research
Promote protection, enhancement and respect for coastal areas and species
Support continued research of coastal erosion processes and their effects
Cultural Values
Require recognition of the cultural values of Ngāti Mutunga in the management of coastal areas
Require, and identify ways to support, the implementation, revision and updating of the Mana Whenua Mana Moana plan (2006)
25 Graham Duckett, personal communication, 16/12/2008
THE LAND, BEACH AND SEABED
Activities on land, the beach and seabed have a profound impact on the health of coastal species and functioning of coastal processes. Anyone carrying out activities in these areas must understand the relationships between all elements of coastal systems and avoid potential adverse effects of their activities.
LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT
The health of the land and waterways has a direct effect on the health of the coast. Most things that go into rivers or streams will eventually wash down into the sea. To keep our coast healthy, we must keep the land and waterways healthy too. It is vital to consider the effect that any activity on land will have on the coast when assessing its impacts. The issues and policies set out in the subdivision, development and changing land use and earthworks sections of the Plains chapter (pages 76 and 78 respectively) will apply to this area, as well as the specific issues and policies set out below.
Coastal land in the rohe is under pressure from increasing development or more intensive land use in areas close to the coast. Many of our Pā sites are situated along the coast. In addition, many of our tūpuna were buried or cremated close to the sea. This means that any development has the potential to disturb an urupā, Pā or other tapu site. Ngāti Mutunga consider that the use and development of land must be balanced with the protection of the coastal environment and values associated with the area.
"They buried our people all along the coast, that's why it's not good to build there" – Hurimoana
OBJECTIVE
To encourage well planned development that avoids adverse effects on the cultural and environmental value of coastal areas.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Ngāti Mutunga are unable to exercise our Kaitiaki duty because they are not fully engaged in planning, policy and decision making in the coastal environment
2. Current planning documents justify restrictions on development in the coastal area because it is a hazard zone but do not recognise the existence of urupā and other wāhi tapu along the coast as a reason to restrict development in the area
3. Development in the coastal area is likely to disturb wāhi tapu and other sites of cultural significance
4. Development in the coastal area may also have an adverse effect on natural features such as indigenous vegetation, mahinga kai species and dune systems
5. Development or building design which is out of keeping with the nature of the coast may make the area less attractive and less pleasant
6. Land based activities, particularly those which have an adverse effect on freshwater, may damage the coastal ecosystem
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
01
Engagement & Recognition
Require engagement with Ngāti Mutunga on all decisions related to coastal land use and development to ensure that the spiritual and historical association of Ngāti Mutunga with the coastal environment is recognised and given effect to
02
Resource Management
Require the involvement of Ngāti Mutunga in resource allocation and management decisions for coastal resources
03
Cultural Protection
Encourage recognition that development in coastal areas should be restricted for cultural reasons as well as to avoid damage from natural hazards
04
Building Restrictions
Prohibit building within 200 metres of the mean spring high tide line
05
Subdivision Review
Require engagement with Ngāti Mutunga on proposed subdivisions or developments to ensure that they do not impact on wāhi tapu or cultural values
06
Monitoring
Encourage the involvement of Ngāti Mutunga in coastal monitoring
Assessment Requirements
Require that any Assessment of Environmental Effects includes an assessment of cultural effects and potential cumulative effects on the natural character of the coastal environment
Require that activities involving the development or use of land in the coastal area avoid (rather than remedy or mitigate) potential adverse effects on kaimoana and mahinga kai species
Environmental Protection
Encourage the restoration and protection (including by replanting) of areas of native vegetation along the coast. Discourage use of plants considered pest species in the coastal area (pest species recognised by the Department of Conservation and Taranaki Regional Council are listed in Appendix 5)
Oppose development on or any other disturbance (including by motor vehicles) of remaining dune systems, unless the activity is required to protect the dunes
11. Oppose any building or development in coastal hazard zones and any activity which may necessitate protection work or maintenance
12. Encourage the use of building design and colours which are in harmony with the surrounding coastal environment
13. Discourage large scale and imposing development that intrudes on the natural character and visual amenities associated with the coastal environment
14. Encourage good land management practices
STRUCTURES IN THE COASTAL AREA
Coastal structures include marinas, wharves, boat ramps, groynes, sea walls and moorings. These structures may be built to:
slow down or prevent coastal erosion (for example, groynes and sea walls)
increase access or mooring sites (for example, marinas, bridges, causeways and boat ramps)
support coastal subdivisions (for example, power poles and storm water pipes)
Some of these structures are erected on the beach, and some (such as oil platforms) are offshore. These structures may provide economic benefit, add to the amenity value of the beach or may be necessary for safety reasons. However, some structures (and the activities associated with erecting them) may disturb wāhi tapu, limit the use of the beach or give the impression that whoever erected the structure "owns" that part of the beach. They may also have a detrimental effect on coastal species and disrupt the functioning of coastal ecosystems.
Ngāti Mutunga acknowledges that some structures are necessary or useful, but overall prefer structures to be kept to a minimum in the coastal area.
OBJECTIVE
To maintain the natural appearance of the coastal area and operation of coastal processes by minimising the erection of structures.
"We need to be the ones who fit in with nature, rather than building things to make nature fit in with us"
– Hurimoana
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
Kaitiaki Engagement
1. Ngāti Mutunga are unable to exercise our Kaitiaki duty because they are not fully engaged in planning, policy and decision making relating to coastal structures and maintenance
Natural Processes
2. People trying to change natural processes, rather than letting nature take its course
Structural Impacts
3. Structures and work to erect or maintain them (including dredging and reclamation) may:
a. disturb wāhi tapu,
b. damage the habitat of taonga species and disrupt coastal ecosystems
c. change the beach in ways which make it dangerous
d. impede access to the coast or unlawfully give the impression that an area cannot be accessed by the public
e. obstruct views of or from the coast
f. cause light pollution
Financial Burden
4. Ratepayers may end up meeting the costs of protection works or maintenance required to protect structures in areas prone to erosion or other natural hazards
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Require engagement with Ngāti Mutunga on all decisions related to the erection of structures to ensure that the spiritual and historical association of Ngāti Mutunga with the coastal environment is recognised and given effect to
2. Require consultation with Ngāti Mutunga on the development of access ways to coastal areas in order to ensure that they do not impact on wāhi tapu
3. Discourage the erection of structures on the beach
4. Encourage understanding of coastal processes, particularly erosion, and the limits of human ability to manage the effects of these processes in the long term
5. Oppose building seawalls or other structures to manage erosion unless the positive effects of allowing the works are significantly greater than the adverse effects
6. Oppose any structure or maintenance work that poses danger to beach users – for example by taking sand in such a way that it leaves an underwater "hole" in the beach that swimmers could fall into
7. Oppose the erection and encourage the removal of structures which impede access to the beach (unless such structures are required to protect areas of environmental or cultural significance) or give the impression that an area cannot be accessed by the public
8. Encourage efficient and sustainable use of coastal areas
9. Promote a precautionary approach toward new proposals if the effects of new proposals are not known or understood
10. Oppose the erection of any structure which may obstruct views of or from the coast
11. Oppose any use of lights on coastal structures if they may adversely affect the natural character of the coastal marine area or marine birds
12. Oppose development on or near to tauranga waka, cultural, archaeological and mahinga kai sites
13. Oppose installation of structures which require intensive maintenance
14. Require users of structures to maintain them rather than letting costs fall on ratepayers
COASTAL ACCESS AND CAMPGROUNDS
Because of the rich history of Ngāti Mutunga in our rohe, and the concentration of wāhi tapu in the coastal area, accessing and camping on the coast often conflicts with the protection of sites of significance to the iwi.
The beautiful beaches of Mimitangiatua, Waitoetoe, Urenui, Onaero and Waiau, and campgrounds at Wai-iti, Urenui and Onaero draw many people into the area. While Ngāti Mutunga understand why so many people want to spend time here and appreciate the economic benefits tourism brings to the community, the sheer numbers of people camping on or accessing the coast puts a lot of pressure on the environment and sites of significance.
Ngāti Mutunga own the underlying title for the reserves on which the Urenui and Onaero campgrounds have been established. Ngāti Mutunga sought the return of these lands because they are sites of immense cultural significance and several Pā and Urupā are located within the reserves. However, Ngāti Mutunga are owners in name only, as all decision making and administrative power rests with the New Plymouth District Council, who administer the reserves according to their Reserves Policy.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
Decision Making
1. Lack of Ngāti Mutunga involvement in decision making and planning on Ngāti Mutunga owned land
Access
2. Inability of Ngāti Mutunga to access wāhi tapu and sites of significance
Protection
3. Uncontrolled access to wāhi tapu by the general public, resulting in damage to and desecration of sites of significance
4. Protecting and enhancing coastal areas so that they can be enjoyed by everyone, now and in the future
5. Insufficient public toilets and leakage from septic tanks due to high visitor numbers over summer may result in contamination of the environment
6. Visitors fail to treat the coastal environment with respect because they do not understand the cultural values associated with the area or the impact their activities have on the environment
7. There is little monitoring or enforcement of rules relating to the use of campgrounds, leading to the encroachment of private users on public spaces
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1
Ownership Recognition
Require the recognition of Ngāti Mutunga ownership of reserves by involving the Rūnanga as a partner in all decision making and planning relating to Ngāti Mutunga owned reserves
2
Interpretive Signage
Encourage the erection of interpretive signs explaining the cultural and environmental significance and sensitivity of the coastal environment, and our connection with the land on reserves. The content of any sign is to be developed in consultation with Ngāti Mutunga
3
Access Provision
Provide for Ngāti Mutunga to access, use and protect coastal environment landscapes, wāhi tapu and mahinga kai sites and the history and traditions that are linked to these landscapes
4
Wāhi Tapu Protection
Require restriction of public access to wāhi tapu through fencing and signage
5
Activity Conditions
Require, as a condition of consent, any activity on a reserve to include suitable methods to protect wāhi tapu on or near reserves
6
Sustainability
Ensure that all coastal regions are sustained and protected for all New Zealanders and visitors to enjoy now and in the future
7
Education
Encourage education among tourists and other visitors about the cultural importance of the coastal environment and its links to inland rivers, lakes and land.
8
Community Collaboration
Identify and encourage ways of working with the community and organisations which have an interest in the coast to promote protection of the coast and encourage responsible tourism
9
Infrastructure
Require all public toilets and campground facilities to be connected to mains sewerage as soon as practicable, and encourage building of more public toilets in appropriate locations
10
Enforcement
Require monitoring and enforcement of existing rules, including issuing abatement notices where necessary. The iwi may support this by notifying the New Plymouth District Council of breaches
COASTAL MINING AND EXTRACTION ACTIVITIES
The west coast of the north island contains areas of mineral rich black sand – both on beaches and on the seabed. It may be possible to collect this sand and process it to extract minerals such as iron. The Crown has granted several prospecting permits which allow companies to assess whether it would be possible to extract enough iron or other minerals from the sand from the seabed to make a profit. Exploration is still underway, and no applications for resource consent have been approved for mines or sand extraction businesses, however Ngāti Mutunga are concerned about the effects any future mining or sand extraction may have.
Smaller scale mining or extraction activities may also be carried out in the coastal area to obtain materials for building or roading.
Mining and extraction activities may damage the sea floor and harm species living in the area. The removal of sand or other materials from the sea floor may also interfere with natural coastal processes and have unforeseen effects on the coast, including increased erosion and changes to beach formation.
Ngāti Mutunga considers that we own mineral resources within our rohe and have a right to develop them.
This section focuses on specific issues and policies relating to coastal mining and resource extraction but should be read in conjunction with the Bushland section on Mining and Prospecting (page 40) and the Plains section on Earthworks (page 86).
OBJECTIVE
To
assert ownership of mineral resources in the rohe
appose the development of these resources if any adverse environmental effects are likely to occur
ensure that Ngāti Mutunga are involved at the earliest possible stage in any current or mining and resource extraction activities or applications for future activities
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Crown assertion of ownership of mineral resources
2. Inability of Ngāti Mutunga to develop mineral resources
3. Potential damage to the environment and risk to taonga species and mahinga kai activities such as seabed mining, bottom trawling and drilling and discharges
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Require recognition of iwi as owners of resources
2. Require payment of royalties to iwi for any existing resource consents
3. Require consultation with Ngāti Mutunga in respect to removal of any sand, rock, gravel or stones from coastal areas for commercial purposes
4. Encourage implementation of the protocol between MBIE and Ngāti Mutunga and compliance with consultation requirements set out in the Minerals Programme for Minerals (Excluding Petroleum) (2008), as well as recognition of Treaty requirements under the Crown Minerals Act 1991
5. Promote a precautionary approach toward all proposals for mining or resource extraction in the coastal area
6. Oppose the issueing of any prospecting permits and the establishment of commercial mining or extraction activities in coastal areas
7. Encourage protection of nursery and spawning areas within coastal environments from mining and extraction activities.
8. Require that all existing exploration, prospecting and mining activities avoid direct discharge of contaminated waters to any waterways or waters adjacent to or flowing into coastal estuaries or waters as a result of mining and extraction activities
9. Require that the highest environmental standards are applied to any consent application involving mining or extraction activities within coastal waters
10. Oppose removal of sand or stones for non-commercial use in coastal areas of cultural significance
OFF SHORE PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
The Taranaki Basin has always been the focus for hydrocarbon (oil, gas and petroleum) exploration and production in New Zealand. The first well was drilled in 1865 and petroleum has been continuously produced from the basin since about 1900. The Maui, Kapuni and Pohokura fields are the major sites of production. Exploration of the area is still underway; recent discoveries include the Tui and Maari fields.
Prospecting for and extracting hydrocarbon has boosted the economy in the Taranaki region. This benefit must be balanced against potential damage to the environment and sites of significance to Ngāti Mutunga.
Ngāti Mutunga considers that we own hydrocarbon resources both within and offshore of our rohe and have a right to develop them.
OBJECTIVE
To assert ownership of hydrocarbon resources in the rohe, and investigate the development of these resources so long as any adverse environmental effects can be avoided.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
Ownership
1. Crown assertion of ownership of hydrocarbon resources
Environmental Impact
2. Prospecting, exploration, mining and associated activities may have an adverse effect on sites of cultural significance to Ngāti Mutunga and coastal species and habitats as a result of:
a. disturbance of the sea bed
b. increased waste
c. oil spills or leakages on the environment
d. infrastructure required to support mining activities
e. effects of seismic surveys on plants and animals
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Require recognition of iwi as owners of resources
2. Require payment of royalties to iwi for any existing resource consents.
3. Require that understandable information on all prospecting, exploration, drilling and mining activities within the coastal rohe is provided to Ngāti Mutunga
4. Encourage implementation of the protocol between MBIE and Ngāti Mutunga and compliance with consultation requirements set out in the Minerals Programme for Petroleum (1 January 2005) as well as recognition of Treaty requirements under the Crown Minerals Act 1991.
5. Require that any prospecting, exploration, drilling and mining activities avoid disturbance of areas of cultural significance and environmental value
6. Require that measures are in place to prevent and manage oil spills before the commencement of prospecting, exploration, drilling and mining
7. Require consideration of the land-based infrastructure required to support prospecting, exploration, drilling and mining activities when assessing applications
8. Require effective waste management systems for all prospecting, exploration, drilling and mining activities
9. Require that the highest environmental standards are applied to any consent application involving mining or extraction activities within coastal waters
Do we just want to say no to this!
COASTAL WATER QUALITY AND USE
The quality and health of coastal water is of utmost importance to Ngāti Mutunga because:
Clean water supports healthy kai, if the water is dirty our kaimoana get sick and so do we
Clean water supports healthy ecosystems, if the water is contaminated it may upset the balance and function of the ecosystem
Seawater is used for rongoa and cleansing. If water is contaminated, it loses its mauri and wairua and cannot be used in rongoa
Coastal water quality may be affected by discharges directly into the sea, indirect discharges of contaminants into the sea or by contaminated water running into the sea from rivers and streams. While the number of direct discharges into the sea has been decreasing over time, sea water may still be contaminated by urban storm water, sediment, agricultural run-off or industrial wastes in rivers and streams. These effects are most noticeable after heavy rain.26 This section should be read in conjunction with chapters on Water Quantity and Water Quality in the Freshwater section (pages 56 and 57 respectively).
The Taranaki Regional Council monitors water quality at recreational beaches – including Onaero, Urenui and Wai-iti over summer. The Taranaki Regional Council considers that seawater in Taranaki is generally safe to swim in.27
26 Taranaki Regional Council, Regional Coastal Plan for Taranaki,Draft Plan notified 2018
27Taranaki Regional Council, Coast, https://www.trc.govt.nz/environment/maps-and-data/bathing-water-quality/ [Accessed March 2019]
Although it is not common, seawater may also be extracted for industrial use. The removal of large quantītīes of water may have a detrimental effect on coastal species. Returning "used" water to the sea may also harm the environment if the water is contaminated during processing.
"The sea is a medicine for us" - Kere
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
Ngāti Mutunga are unable to exercise our Kaitiaki duty because they are not fully engaged in planning, policy and decision making in the coastal environment and have insufficient information on current coastal activities and monitoring to assess the health of coastal water
Damage to and death of coastal species due to poor water quality caused by:
a. Contamination from point source discharges
b. Contamination from diffuse discharges
c. Influx of contaminated waters from rivers and streams
d. Smothering of the sea floor by sediment washed from the land
e. Discharge from ships
f. Dumping of rubbish from land, ships and structures in the sea
g. Oil and diesel spills
h. Disturbance of the sea floor stirring up sediment
i. Contamination by hazardous substances, particularly antifoul (substances used to remove or prevent the build-up of marine species such as seaweed and barnacles on ships hulls or other surfaces submerged in seawater for long periods of time)
Damage to coastal species and processes caused by abstraction of seawater
Degradation of the mauri and wairua of coastal water through contamination makes it unfit for rongoa and other cultural purposes
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Identify opportunities for Ngāti Mutunga to participate in monitoring programmes in the rohe. Encourage any organisation monitoring or studying coastal water quality to engage with Ngāti Mutunga, including distribution of all results and reports to the Rūnanga
2. Require engagement with Ngāti Mutunga on all applications for activities which may have adverse effects on coastal water quality in our rohe
3. Encourage understanding among all land and coastal users that upstream activities have cumulative effects downstream and, in the sea.
4. Encourage commercial and recreational boat users to recognise the impacts of discharge on coastal water quality
5. Promote the establishment and restoration of coastal wetland and riparian areas to help manage nonpoint source pollution in coastal areas.
6. Oppose any discharges to coastal waters
7. Oppose discharge of sewage or grey water directly into coastal waters
8. Encourage good land management and support measures which reduce erosion
9. Encourage understanding of the potential effects of antifoul and hull cleaning on coastal species
10. Encourage development and use of sewage and chemical collection facilities in port areas
11. Discourage the use, disposal and transportation of hazardous substances. Encourage the adoption of methods or equipment which minimises the risk of spills
12. Encourage the adoption of better wastewater treatment systems, including investigation and improvement of existing sewage infrastructure
13. Require the development of plans to manage oil or diesel spills
14. Encourage education programmes or other methods which support good waste management both at sea and on land
15. Encourage agencies and developers to avoid unnecessary discharge or beach disturbance when undertaking coastal protection works
16. Encourage restoration of water quality to its original pristine state
17. Support initiatives to prevent spread of aquatic pest species
18. Oppose taking of coastal water for commercial purposes
19. Encourage protection and enhancement of the mauri of coastal waters
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystems are communities of living things that interact with each other and their physical environment. Coastal ecosystems are important to almost everyone because they support human activities such as gathering food, commercial fishing, swimming and walking, boating, tourism and transport.
Human activities may disrupt the balance of coastal ecosystem. Because everything in the natural world is connected, damaging or changing one part of an ecosystem may have an adverse effect on other parts of the system. Ngāti Mutunga recognise the inter connectedness of all aspects of the environment, including people, and support the protection of ecosystems and all their components.
The Ngāti Mutunga rohe contains different types of ecosystem, notably the muddy estuaries of Onaero, Urenui and Mimitangiatua and papa cliff communities.
The Department of Conservation has identified the Mimitangiatua as a particularly significant ecosystem because it contains -
"Tidal mudflats, saltmarsh and sand dune habitat, uncommon in north Taranaki;
Habitat of migratory and wading birds;
Whitebait spawning area in upper estuary;
Feeding ground for snapper and trevally;
Nursery area for juvenile marine species and flounder; and
Kororā/Blue penguin breeding sites"28.
As Ngāti Mutunga, we value all coastal areas within our rohe, and appreciate the human dimensions of the landscape, including important cultural and historic sites along the coast.
OBJECTIVE
To protect and maintain all coastal ecosystems, so that the coast can continue to support Ngāti Mutunga customs, lifestyle and history for the whole community now and in the future.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Loss of areas of native coastal vegetation, habitats and species as a result of:
a. Development
b. Pollution
c. Poor land management resulting in erosion
d. The erection of structures in the coastal area
e. Drainage of wetlands
28 Department of Conservation, Wanganui Conservation Management Strategy, 1997.
f. Invasion from pest species
2. Protection of the natural character of coastal environments
3. Enhancement of coastal ecosystems through species restoration and replanting
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Oppose coastal activities which may have an adverse effect on areas of native coastal vegetation, wetlands or underwater habitats
2. Encourage and identify ways to participate in research and monitoring of the effects of land-based activities on coastal ecosystems
3. Discourage activities which have an adverse impact on particularly sensitive areas such as dune remnants and estuaries
4. Support communication sharing between agencies about biosecurity risks and how these can be managed
5. Encourage protection of coastal species and areas, particularly those with cultural significance
6. Encourage education programmes or other methods which promote understanding of ecosystem functioning and the impacts of human activities on ecosystem functioning
7. Support restocking and replanting of coastal areas with indigenous species
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the diversity of all living things. Biodiversity underpins mahinga kai. Without the myriad of species which our tūpuna used for all aspects of mahinga kai, we lose our ability to live from the land.
The Ngāti Mutunga rohe is home to a wide range of marine species. Many of these species were an important food source for our tūpuna, including kōura, pāua, kina, kūtai/kuku, pūpū, pāpaka, pipi, tuatua, hāpuku, moki, kanae, mako, pātiki and tāmure.
"They call it snapper flats because all the snapper used to come in and eat the shellfish, but they don't come anymore" – Lewis
"The riverbanks never used to be so muddy, there used to be heaps of shellfish" – Lewis
OBJECTIVE
To support the protection and enhancement of biodiversity.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
3. Loss of biodiversity as a result of
a. Loss of habitat
b. Overfishing
c. Poor water quality
d. Potential discharge of waste products from processed fisheries.
e. Competītīon or predation by pest species introduced through human activities
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Avoid (rather than remedy or mitigate) the adverse effect of use and development on indigenous biodiversity
2. Encourage the restoration of coastal ecosystems
3. Promote the consideration of cultural values when identifying ecosystems, habitats and areas with significant indigenous biodiversity values
4. Encourage the use of local genetic stock for the re-establishment or restoration of indigenous species
5. Encourage identification of species which could be restored. Support restocking of depleted populations, and identify options for Ngāti Mutunga involvement in this mahi
6. Encourage protection of spawning sites
MAHINGA KAI
Mahinga kai is about mahi ngā kai – the way we gather resources, where we get them from, how we process them and what we produce. These places, processes and skills are an essential element of Ngāti Mutungatanga. Our tūpuna were able to feed, clothe and house themselves using the resources provided by papatuanuku. The coasts are a particularly rich source of resources. Kaimoana were and continue to be of great cultural, social and economic significance. Traditional foods and their maintenance are essential to the continued health and well-being of Ngāti Mutunga.
Many kaimoana species have disappeared due to loss of habitat, poor water quality, increasing sediment running down rivers and overharvesting by humans. As a result, we are losing the traditions and stories associated with mahinga kai.
"We have to buy mussels now – there's heaps in the shop but none down the beach" – Tammy
"There's not much there, and what is there might not be so good to eat anymore" - Kere
"We always collected enough kai for all of our people"
"Paparoa gets stripped every summer"
OBJECTIVE
To
restore populations of indigenous species, especially kaimoana, rare or threatened species, in order to provide a basis for mahinga kai
retain our traditions around mahinga kai, and pass those traditions on to future generations
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Loss of the species and knowledge associated with mahinga kai
2. The confiscation, sale and development of land has made it harder for Ngāti Mutunga to access mahinga kai
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Promote understanding of the link between the well-being of Ngāti Mutunga and mahinga kai
2. Require consultation with Ngāti Mutunga on any application which may have an adverse effect on mahinga kai
3. Support initiatives which provide for Ngāti Mutunga access to sites associated with mahinga kai
4. Support the protection, restoration and enhancement of indigenous biodiversity
5. Promote identification and protection of areas with significant biodiversity value
CUSTOMARY FISHING
Catching fish or shellfish to feed whanau or manuhiri is an important part of our culture. Ngāti Mutunga manages our customary fishing under the Kai Moana Customary Fishing Regulations 1998.
Anyone carrying out customary fishing must get a permit from a person authorised to act as a Kaitiaki for Ngāti Mutunga. This permit will specify
when and where fishing will take place and how fish will be caught
who will be taking the fish
what can be caught, including how many and what size
the fishing method for each species
why the fish are being caught
Customary fishers must take the permit with them when they go fishing and show it to fisheries enforcement officers on request.
Kaitiaki must tell the Fisheries NZ (part of MPI) what they have issued permits for so the government can allow for customary use when it sets next year's catch limits.
The Rūnanga can also issue permits to take fish, shellfish and some freshwater species for important events such as hui and tangi through Regulation 27 of the Amateur Fishing Regulations.
OBJECTIVE
To provide for the sustainable management of our customary fisheries.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Restrictive nature of customary fisheries regulations
2. Use of customary fishing regulations
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Encourage less restrictive customary fishing regulations which allow Ngāti Mutunga to permit customary fishing for a wide range of community uses
2. Encourage fisheries regulations to provide for Ngāti Mutunga to take our commercial and customary quota at the same time
3. Encourage iwi members to utilise the customary fishing regulations and always get a permit before taking fish for customary purposes
4. Work with neighbouring iwi to sustainably manage customary fisheries
COMMERCIAL FISHING
Fisheries NZ (part of MPI) manages fisheries through a process which aims to ensure that fisheries are managed sustainably – this includes both the number of fish caught and the impact of fishing on the environment.
Several management tools are used; these include "input controls" which restrict how and where fishing occurs, and "output controls" which limit the total quantity of fish taken.
The Quota Management System (QMS) was introduced in 1986. It is an "output control" and restricts the total commercial catch for virtually all the main fish stocks found within New Zealand waters.
Every year the government sets a commercial catch limit for each QMS species. For that year quota owners receive an annual catch entitlement, which is a proportion of the catch limit set for the species. The proportion of the catch limit that each quota owner receives is determined by their quota shares for that species. This is the total amount of fish the quota holder can catch.
As well as the QMS, commercial fishers are restricted by the following "input controls":
Closed areas
Closed seasons
Size limits
Gear restrictions
Prohibited species
OBJECTIVE
To require sustainable management of commercial fisheries which makes ample provision for customary fisheries.
(Changes to commercial fishing in conjunction with customary fishing rights to come into place 2019)
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
Kaitiaki Duty
1. As Ngāti Mutunga, we are unable to exercise our Kaitiaki duty because we are not fully engaged in planning, policy and decision making relating to fisheries
Catch Limits
2. Allowable catch for commercial fishers may be set too high, leaving no fish for customary or recreational fishers
Habitat Damage
3. Damage to fragile habitats through destructive fishing methods such as bottom trawling
Information Gaps
4. There is insufficient information on some fisheries stocks to set an accurate total allowable catch. In some cases the allowed catch rate may be too high, resulting in depletion of fisheries
Compliance
5. Some fishing boats do not comply with regulations, resulting in overfishing
Bycatch
6. Accidental catching of marine birds and mammals
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Require that Ngāti Mutunga be provided with the opportunity for effective input and participation into the Ministry of Primary Industries – Fisheries New Zealand processes. This includes aspects of research, planning and stock assessment, methods of sustainable harvest, biosecurity and compliance issues and review of quota management systems
2. Encourage implementation of the Fisheries Protocol (included as Appendix 13)
3. Require total catch limits to make ample provision for customary fisheries
4. Encourage and support collaboration between relevant government agencies, interest groups, iwi and fishing companies to develop and implement sustainable fishing practices
5. Oppose bottom trawling
6. Encourage and support research and monitoring of fisheries stocks and the effects of fishing
7. Encourage the development and use of fishing methods and technologies which reduce accidental catch of marine birds and mammals
8. Encourage monitoring an enforcement of fisheries regulations. Identify opportunities for Ngāti Mutunga to participate in this mahi, including notifying authorities of illegal practices
RECREATIONAL FISHING
Fishing is one of the most popular recreational activities in Aotearoa. Every year many fin-fish, rock lobster and shellfish are taken by recreational fishers. But as the human population grows, so does the pressure on fisheries. With more and more people fishing year after year there are less and less fish to catch.
This is particularly clear in the Ngāti Mutunga rohe, where we see more and more people going out fishing or to collect seafood every summer. While it's great for tourists to come to our rohe and enjoy seafood over the holidays, locals get left with less every year.
It is important for everyone to play their part in conserving fisheries stocks. The restrictions on recreational fishers are relatively simple. The main things to remember are:
Do not take more than the daily limit
Do not take undersized fish
Do not sell or trade your catch
Whitebait are a species of significance and concern to Ngāti Mutunga. Stocks of fish in our rohe are dwindling, and current management regimes do not seem to be protecting them. Whitebait are currently managed by the Department of Conservation, even though they are caught for commercial use. Currently "input controls" are used to manage the fishery – including limitations on times and gear that can be used to catch whitebait. There is not "output control", or total allowable catch for the fishery. Whitebait stocks are also damaged by land use and the loss of the stream edge habitat they need to spawn.29
OBJECTIVE
To require better control of recreational fisheries to avoid further species decline.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Depleted fisheries as a result of overfishing, especially by visitors over the summer months
2. Inappropriate and illegal fishing methods (for example scraping mussels off reefs with a spade), and noncompliance with recreational fisheries limits
3. Protection of customary rights, providing for Kaumatua or other iwi members who cannot collect kai for themselves
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Encourage monitoring an enforcement of fisheries regulations. Identify opportunities for Ngāti Mutunga to participate in this mahi, including notifying authorities of illegal practices
2. Promote education and understanding among recreational fishers about the need to comply with amateur fishing regulations
3. Encourage education of summer visitors about the effect of recreational fishing on fish stocks in the area
4. Encourage Fisheries New Zealand (MPI) to ensure recreational fishing does not compromise the ability of Ngāti Mutunga to fulfil customary rights
5. Identify, with Fisheries New Zealand (MPI), options to provide for the sustainable customary harvest of kaimoana for Kaumatua or others who are unable to gather kai for themselves
29 Department of Conservation, Whitebait, information and fishing regulations, https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/things-to-do/fishing/whitebaiting/whitebait-regulations-all-nz-except-west-coast/ [Accessed March 2019]
6. Encourage and support research and monitoring of recreational fishery stocks and the effects of fishing
7. Require that Ngāti Mutunga be provided with the opportunity for effective input and participation into Fisheries New Zealand (MPI) processes. This includes aspects of research, planning and stock assessment, methods of sustainable harvest, biosecurity and compliance issues and review of quota management systems
8. Identify opportunities for Ngāti Mutunga to use rahui or other traditional controls to protect fish stocks
AQUACULTURE
Taranaki has been identified by Aquaculture New Zealand as an area poorly suited to traditional methods of aquaculture;30 as a result the Taranaki Regional Council have not modified their coastal plan to identified specific areas in which aquaculture may be established. However, the Taranaki Regional Council has undertaken a constraints mapping exercise to identify potential Aquaculture areas.
Given the initial work done and potential development of new technologies which may make aquaculture possible in the region and the requirement to allocate 20% of any space made available for aquaculture to iwi, Ngāti Mutunga consider it wise to develop some high-level issues and policies for aquaculture.
OBJECTIVE
To ensure that Ngāti Mutunga are involved in and benefit from the development of aquaculture in the rohe. To ensure that aquaculture does not have a detrimental effect on the environment.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
Development Rights
1. Ngāti Mutunga have a development right, as well as the right to 20% of any aquaculture space identified by the Taranaki Regional Council
Environmental Effects
2. Potential detrimental effects of aquaculture activities including:
a. Waste and by-products from the farmed fishery;
b. Impacts on local biodiversity from introduced species;
c. Interference with customary access to traditional mahinga kai resources; and
d. Effects on the seabed habitats under and around farms.
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Require Ngāti Mutunga involvement in the development of aquaculture management areas and consent processes for aquaculture and marine farming
2. Require that any aquaculture development avoid potential adverse environmental effects
3. Oppose aquaculture development on sites of significance, including traditional fishing grounds
30 https://www.fisheries.govt.nz/growing-and-harvesting/aquaculture/
MANAGEMENT AREAS
Several tools have been developed under the Fisheries Act 1996 to recognise fisheries use and management practices of tangata whenua and to protect fisheries. These methods include Taiāpure, Mataitai, Marine Reserves and temporary closures.
Taiāpure are local fishery areas, in estuarine or coastal and shore regions. These areas are of special significance to iwi as a source of kaimoana or for spiritual or cultural reasons. Tangata whenua can participate in the management of these areas by forming management committees to give advice and recommendations to the Minister responsible for fisheries in that area. Members of the management committee comprise 50% tangata whenua and other are nominated by fisheries stakeholders (including commercial)31.
Mataitai reserves are areas of traditional importance to tangata whenua. A Mataitai area gives tangata whenua authorisation to manage and control non-commercial harvest of seafood. "Tangata tiaki" are appointed by tangata whenua to manage the reserve through the making of bylaws. These bylaws must be approved by the Minister responsible for fisheries and the laws must apply to all individuals. A Mataitai reserve prohibits commercial fishing within its boundaries, unless otherwise authorised by the Minister of Fisheries and if those appointed as tangata tiaki indicate that such an activity within the Mataitai is desirable. Mataitai bylaws make specific rules relating to fishing activities. A species to which a restriction or prohibition relates must be to those managed under the Fisheries Acts. A bylaw cannot be passed for species which are managed under differing Acts.
Types of bylaws that can be introduced under Mataitai include:
the species of fish, aquatic life, or seaweed that may be taken;
the quantity of each species that may be taken;
that dates or seasons that each species may be taken;
size limits relating to each species to be taken;
the method by which each species may be taken;
the area or areas in which each species may be taken;
any matters the tangata tiaki consider necessary for the sustainable management of fisheries resources in the Mataitai.32
Marine Reserves are specified areas of the sea and foreshore that are managed to preserve marine life in their natural habitat for scientific study. Marine Reserves may be established in areas that contain underwater scenery, natural features, or marine life of such distinctive quality, or so typical, beautiful or unique that their continued preservation is in the national interest. Within a Marine Reserve, all marine life is protected and fishing and the removal or disturbance of any living or non-living marine resource is prohibited, except as necessary for permitted monitoring or research, (of which a permit is required). This includes dredging, dumping or discharging any matter or the building of structures33.
Temporary closures may be imposed by the Minister of Primary Industries or the Chief Executive of the Ministry of Primary Industries to temporarily close an area to fishing. These powers are provided for by Section 186A& B of the Fisheries Act 1996. The purpose of the closure must be to provide for the use and management practices of tangata whenua in the exercise of their customary rights, and to restore depleted fisheries resources34.
A marine reserve has been established in the Ngāti Tama rohe at Parininihi, but there are no marine management areas in the Ngāti Mutunga rohe
31 Te Ao Marama Inc. (2008) Te Tangi a Tauira Iwi Resource Management Plan for Murihiku. Te Ao Marama Inc, Southland. (accessed March 2019)
32 Te Ao Marama, Te Tangi a Tauira, 2008.
33 Te Ao Marama Inc. (2008) Te Tangi a Tauira Iwi Resource Management Plan for Murihiku. Te Ao Marama Inc, Southland. (accessed March 2019)
34 Fisheries NZ S 186A&B Temporary Closures/ Method restrictions, November 2007, http://www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Maori/Management/Section+186/default.htm [Accessed March 2019]
OBJECTIVE
To protect marine areas using methods provided for under the Fisheries Act 1996.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. The relationship of Ngāti Mutunga must be recognised and given effect to if a management area is to be established
2. Overfishing and non-compliance with fisheries regulations could be managed through the establishment of management areas
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Require involvement of Ngāti Mutunga in the development of marine reserves in the rohe to ensure that such development does not occur in areas of significance for customary fishing or near wāhi tapu
2. Support identification of marine areas of significance for customary fishing and other values within marine environment and investigate the establishment of Taiāpure and Mataitai areas
3. Consider applying for a temporary closure if required to protect fisheries stocks in the rohe
MARINE BIRDS
Many marine bird species can be found in the Ngāti Mutunga rohe. Some were important sources of mahinga kai. Tītī (mutton birds) used to be common along cliffs and were harvested for food by our tūpuna. Karoro (seagulls) and Kororā (penguins) were also sources of kai at certain times of year.
Marine bird populations have dropped significantly since the time of our tūpuna. This may be due to a loss of habitat, predation from introduced species such as cats, rats, mustelids and dogs, eating or becoming tangled in rubbish out at sea, pollution and being caught by fishing boats. Marine birds are also affected by changes in environmental or climatic conditions which may change the availability of food supplies.
"You used to hear the Tītī at night, but now all you can hear is plovers and the waves crashing in" – Tammy
OBJECTIVE
To protect and restore populations of marine birds.
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Decline in marine bird populations due to:
a. Loss of habitat, including nesting and feeding areas
b. Death of birds which are caught accidentally by fishing boats or become tangled in or eat rubbish
c. Pollution and oil spills
d. Predation by introduced species
e. Changes in climatic and environmental conditions which affect food supplies and migration patterns
2. Potential effects of light pollution on marine birds
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Support protection of coastal environments in which marine birds' nest and feed
2. Encourage and support education programmes or other methods which highlight the importance of marine birds to Ngāti Mutunga and encourage protection of marine birds
3. Oppose land use or development which has an adverse effect on marine birds, including the potential for developments or subdivision to bring cats and dogs into sensitive areas
4. Support and identify options for involvement in research and programmes that will enhance marine bird populations and habitats
5. Encourage adoption of fishing techniques which avoid accidental catching of marine birds
6. Encourage good maritime waste management
7. Encourage the use of best practice and technology to avoid oil spills, and development of contingency plans to manage spill events
8. Encourage measures which reduce climate change and encourage research into the effects of changing climate on marine birds
9. Encourage elimination of the effects of light pollution from coastal structures on marine birds
MARINE MAMMALS
Many species of marine mammal pass through the Ngāti Mutunga rohe. Species of note include Maui's dolphin, which are found only on the west coast of the north island. With less than 150 Maui's dolphins left it will take a concerted effort to protect this critically endangered species35.
Ngāti Mutunga have a spiritual connection with marine mammals, and they were also an important species for mahinga kai. Our tūpuna made use of the resources provided by several species of marine mammals, including using bones for carving and teeth for tools.
The Department of Conservation are responsible for (if necessary) killing and disposing of the body of any marine mammal which beaches on our shores. Ngāti Mutunga seeks to continue the traditions of our tūpuna by making use of the bones and teeth of dead marine mammals and performing the appropriate ceremonies if a beached marine mammal must be killed.
OBJECTIVE
To provide for Ngāti Mutunga involvement in the management of beached marine mammals and support protection of endangered marine mammals, particularly Maui's dolphin.
35 Department of Conservation, Facts about Maui's Dolphin, https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/dolphins/maui-dolphin/ [Accessed March 2019]
NGĀ TAKE – ISSUES
1. Processes for the involvement of Ngāti Mutunga in stranding's of marine mammals are inadequate
2. Cultural materials from marine mammals may be wasted or stolen if bodies are not disposed of properly
3. Fisheries practices in the rohe, particularly the use of set nets, may further endanger Maui's dolphin
NGĀ KAUPAPA – POLICIES
1. Encourage and support the implementation of the Department of Conservation protocol relating to marine mammals
2. Encourage compliance with the Marine Mammal Protocol (attached as Appendix 8)
3. Encourage disposal of the bodies of marine mammals in a way which allows cultural material to be collected later
4. Support and encourage the development of methods to protect the Maui dolphin, including monitoring and enforcement of fishing restrictions
WĀHI TAPU
Many sites sacred to Ngāti Mutunga are found in coastal areas. As discussed above, Pā and urupā were frequently established in coastal areas. This makes the coast particularly sensitive to development and disturbance. For this reason, Ngāti Mutunga are opposed to development and disturbance of the coast.
The issues and policies set out in the wāhi tapu chapter will apply to most activities in the coastal area and should be read alongside this chapter.
Many wāhi tapu sites are threatened by erosion, and some have already been reclaimed by the sea. Ngāti Mutunga want to preserve our wāhi tapu sites, but acknowledge that, in the long term, there is little that can be done to stop the effects of erosion.